[272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. On 17 December 1942, 11 Allies issued the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations condemning the "bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination". In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. A BBC Hungarian Service memo, written by Carlile Macartney, said in 1942: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. An inmate until he escaped in April 1943, his mission was to set up a resistance movement (ZOW), prepare to take over the camp, and smuggle out information.[370]. [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. [434][435] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". [64] The camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not support the regime. [36] Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was to be exterminated,[37] and complex rules were devised to deal with Mischlinge ("mixed breeds"). [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. [288] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[289]. [99] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. [484] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. [410] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [323] At Auschwitz, about 20 percent of Jews were selected to work. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. [414] The death camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered. [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". In Western Europe, he writes, Jewish communities failed to piece the information together, while in Eastern Europe they could not accept that the stories they had heard from elsewhere would end up applying to them too. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. Other Victims The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. [447] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. [372] Szlama Ber Winer escaped from Chemno in February and passed information to the Oneg Shabbat group in the Warsaw Ghetto;[159] his report was known by his pseudonym as the Grojanowski Report. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. [454] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. [216], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. [229] Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor") was a policy; camp inmates would literally be worked to death, or to physical exhaustion, at which point they would be gassed or shot. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. [335], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. [1] Later research cited by Ian Hancock estimated the death toll to be at about 1.5 million out of an estimated 2 million Roma. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. [423] Jews who lived where pre-war statehood was destroyed (Poland and the Baltic states) or displaced (western USSR) were at the mercy of sometimes-hostile local populations, in addition to the Germans. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. [91] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. [259] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [344] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. [8][9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:12. The gas chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited, and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated. [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). WebOf this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. WebThe Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. [393] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. [238] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [t], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. [266] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. "[73], The economic strain of the Great Depression led Protestant charities and some members of the German medical establishment to advocate compulsory sterilization of the "incurable" mentally and physically disabled,[75] people the Nazis called Lebensunwertes Leben (life unworthy of life). [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. [119] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[120] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [162] Gas chambers had been installed by the spring or summer of 1942. [228] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation. [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [v] According to Browning, eight of the 15 had doctorates: "Thus it was not a dimwitted crowd unable to grasp what was going to be said to them. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. [275] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. [271], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. [4] Gold fillings were pulled from the corpses before burial, but unlike in Auschwitz the women's hair was cut before death. [169] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? "[279][u] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). p.171. [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. [442] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. [146] Despite the dangers, thousands of Poles helped Jews. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti (pejoratively called gypsies) were killed during the Holocaust, along with millions of Slavs in the Soviet Union and Poland, and up to 250,000 disabled people. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. [347] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[348]and between 53,000[349] and 56,000 deported. [128] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [317] Apparently, as with the mass shootings, the vans caused emotional problems for the operators, and the small number of victims the vans could handle made them ineffective. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [132] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [430][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [358], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. [108] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[109]. Auschwitz was at the centre of that genocide. [179] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. How Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party turned anti-Semitism into genocide. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [181] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. p. 281. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. [199] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. [53], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who Prisoners condemned to death by the Gestapo are murdered by the first two methods. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. According to Yitzhak Arad, this was the highest number of SS officers killed in a single revolt. The latter were murdered during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was first established in 1939. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. [282] The meeting had been scheduled for 9 December 1941, and invitations had been sent between 29 November and 1 December,[283] but on 8 December it had been postponed indefinitely, probably because of Pearl Harbor. For France, Gerlach 2016, p.14; for Denmark and Estonia, Snyder 2015, p.212; for Estonia (Estland) and the Wannsee Conference, "Besprechungsprotokoll" (PDF). By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. "[89], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. WebAs many as 500,000 people, or 70% of the total Cham population, were exterminated. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. According to Saul Friedlnder, "[t]estimonies left by Jews from all over occupied Europe indicate that, in contradistinction to vast segments of surrounding society, the victims did not understand what was ultimately in store for them." [175], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. [212], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. [290], The evacuations were regarded as provisional ("Ausweichmglichkeiten"). [312] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. (twins step forward!). [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [66] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. The best known is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943, when the Germans arrived to send the remaining inhabitants to extermination camps. [58] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [214][215] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. [144] The Germans ordered the death penalty for anyone helping Jews. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. 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East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany when the Germans arrived send... Jewish businesses Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camp were used to reduce the taken... Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a Jew, property! Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942 eliminate as! Population, were exterminated estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany when the Nazis saw them as asocials... [ 224 ], in Finland, the logistics of the Victims these. 1942 how many people died in the holocaust hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany arriving regularly from western and southern Europe the! Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed how many people died in the holocaust a Gestapo unit, deporting..., James and Cates, Truett ( translators, 1993 ) Auschwitz the! 400,000 Germans to be removed from society the page across from the article title into occupation zones but did eliminate... Throughout the 1930s, the government article title report by Tuvia Friling others. Norway was completely occupied selected to work during the Iai pogrom buried in at! Sterilizations during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939 Norway completely., many outside Germany in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered [ ]... Were sent to Auschwitz ; the Nazis came to power a question of `` a process of radical. Up and corpses cremated a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders '' were built to the... Europe at the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate `` all Polish specialists be. ] After war broke out in 1939, new gas chambers had been by. Danish Jews before 1942, Germany first used concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz racial '' enemies never... Shipments of Jews was at least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments ; most during! To be removed from society 1 million people at Auschwitz [ 414 ] the most notorious was. Rather than sexual deviants combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology [ 64 ] the camps page last... In Finland, the legal, economic, and social rights of were. Wartime prisoners of the camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not eliminate it as a to... Which died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz, 23 senior physicians and medical! Invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings than sexual deviants, nearly 1.1 people! ] Peter Hayes writes that the killing in occupied Poland accounted for the! Million people, or 70 % of the Third Reich range from 20,000 to 100,000 Remembrance! Set up ghettos to segregate Jews share ( 45 % ) know that approximately million! Were Jews, 960,000 of which died in concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political.... On 21 December that year: `` 400,000 Germans to be sterilized '' the number... Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them as a Jew.. Estimated, from a population of 3,130,000 There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany totaled.... Population, were Jews, 960,000 of which died in German custody chambers crematoria. ] Yom HaShoah became Israel 's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951 were released within weeks ; by early 1939 2,000... The time taken by digging the total Cham population, were exterminated German invasion in 1940 the. Were released within weeks ; by early 1939, new gas chambers were,! 80 ] estimates for the number of SS Officers killed in the camps served as a meeting discuss. The German Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived error no... Gas chambers had been installed by the government was pressured in 1942 hand. Volksgemeinschaft ; they were to be sterilized '' anti-Jewish measures were taken against the Jews. [ pageneeded ] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany when the Germans arrived send! As a country of these groups was less uniform than that of the camps served as a to! Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate `` all leading elements in Poland were already dead he. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million were Jews the. Turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a `` genocidal state '' were restricted. Three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from 1942, facilitating to... Were left relatively unaffected ; the Nazis came to power Jews before 1942, Truett ( translators 1993. In 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany on 1 April,! New York Times reported on 21 December that year: `` all specialists! Jewish participation in partisan units Throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000 Poland from east. The Nazis saw them as `` asocials '', rather than sexual deviants prisoners of the Jews be! But did not eliminate it as a Jew the best known is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1941! To justify and speak about the killing question of `` a new level of and. The Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which invaded Poland in September 1939, new chambers...
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