The San Francisco County Board of Supervisors granted the railroad permission to construct trackage from Fulton and Larking Streets, and down away from the city, however construction was stalled after multiple business owners along the route launched lawsuits. Bechtel as No. Railroad Sights in Pacifica Today Freight traffic to Davenport began in late January 1906 and, following short delays from the earthquake, regular passenger service to Davenport began on June 15. The trip from San Francisco to Salada Beach took 57 minutes, though it was advertised as taking 25 minutes. However, the line gave up around the early 1890s and nothing more came of it. Nonetheless, Southern Pacific was certainly duplicitous in some of its dealings with the Ocean Shore Railway. Holman built them both in 1909. Track layers had only reached Mussel Rock outside Daly City by the time of the earthquake, but grading had been completed for many miles further south, with much of the equipment located on Devil's Slide, which was the most precarious part of the route. Theme: Illdy. The companys original stockholders never recovered from the 1906 quake. coachmen rv repair manual. Copyright 2012-2021 Zayante Publishing. See Locobase 13260 for a history of the Pacific's OSRR. Between Tunitas Creek and Scott Creek, some cuts and fills can be found beside Highway 1, but much more was once visible. Ocean Shore Railroad performs original songs by Kevin Patrick McGee and a lively mix of covers in genres including rock, folk, and alt country. Works numbers were 41392-41393 in May 1914. In February 1906, the Ocean Shore leased the Union Traction Company in order to extend its network further south to Watsonvillethe anticipated next step in its scheme to build the line to Nevada. First a ledge was cut into the cliff face from Tobin station to Shelter Cove. to Sugar Pine 1; to Grant Rock & Gravel?? [Uncertain provenance Colorized using DeOldify], Advertisement for the San Juan Pacific Railway, 1907. Lots sold at Salada Beach started at $250 for a 25 x 50 foot parcel. By November 1882, the San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad had indefinitely ceased development of the line, and after numerous economic crashes, the line was abandoned without a single track laid. See Locobase 13260 for a history of the Pacific's OSRR. Equipment Roster. To create a level bed for tracks on Devils Slide, they stuffed nine tons of black powder into a specially constructed tunnel and literally blew the top off the mountain. [Randolph Brandt], Coastside Transport Company advertisement from the. Meanwhile, the track to Scott Creek was completed by October, several months behind schedule, but still not too far above upper estimates. Pillsbury.[5]. The new West Shore Railway was meant to haul freight and passenger service, at a time estimate of two hours and ten minutes between the two cities. Join your colleagues from industry, academia, and government at the 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2022) in Hamburg, Germany from June 5 - 10, 2022. 1504 or 1505) in 1912. The Ocean Shore Railway went bankrupt on December 6, 1909 and was reincorporated as the Ocean Shore Railroad on October 9, 1911, following nearly two years in receivership. The round-trip fare averaged about 20 (based on the purchase of a $5 monthly ticket). The company eventually abandoned passenger services on August 25, 1937, with the Southern Pacific Railroad-backed Pacific Greyhound Company taking over, while Coastside shifted its focus entirely to freight and parcel delivery. The Ocean Shore Railroad was a railroad built between San Francisco and Tunitas Glen, and Swanton and Santa Cruz that operated along the Pacific coastline from 1905 until 1921. This is the same area where the much feared San Andreas Fault plunges from land into the Pacific Ocean. The railroad hired a surveying team, who published a final report on March 1876 detailing the feasibility. Dr. The list vary, but generally include the type of locomotives, when they were built and how long they were in service. Later, the lots and houses would overflow into the adjacent valleys to become separate communities. Ocean Shore Railroad Alignment. Construction began in 1905 at both ends, but the line was never completed. The microphone shows a bubble containing the most recent command. The line was taken over by the Pennsylvania in 1928. However, grading south from Tunitas, including a bridge and two tunnels, was partially completed for around 12.5 miles to Pigeon Point, and possibly even further to the south, meaning that only 13.5 miles remained of heavy work on the line. English: The Ocean Shore Railroad was intended to be built from San Francisco to Santa Cruz, California, via a route along the Pacific coastline. Coastside farmers were paid 5 1/2 a choke. One immediate problem for the Ocean Shore Railway was the Southern Pacific Railroad. El Granada was one of the only towns developed by the Ocean Shore Railroad, with its circular street pattern design. It is a restaurant now, and has dioramas and photos of the Ocean Shore Railroad in its interior. Incorporated in April 1895 as the West Shore & Valley Railway, the line intended to construct a line between San Francisco and Tulare via Santa Cruz. American Locomotive Company (Alco), Schenectady Works, NY, 1942 . Pre-owned item 1 THE LAST WHISTLE: OCEAN SHORE RAILROAD By Jack R. Wagner - HardcoverTHE LAST WHISTLE: OCEAN SHORE RAILROAD By Jack R. Wagner - Hardcover $10.99 Free shipping item 2 Jack R. Wagner~THE LAST WHISTLE (OCEAN SHORE RAILROAD)~1ST/DJ~NICE COPYJack R. Wagner~THE LAST WHISTLE (OCEAN SHORE RAILROAD)~1ST/DJ~NICE COPY $34.95 +$4.99 shipping The third is Tobin Station on San Pedro Point (corner of Danman Avenue and Shelter Cove Road). It resurfaced at the edge of the high cliffs, 700 feet above the crashing surf. Car 1409 was discovered in 2004, in a Sebastopol backyard by restoration expert Jeff Millerick. This proved disastrous when the earthquake struck, since much of that machinery was either buried or tossed into the sea. California State Railroad Museum Library and Archives 111 I Street Sacramento, California 95814 Phone: (916) 323-8073 Email: Library.CSRM@parks.ca.gov http://csrmf.org/visit/library Collections with online items: 11 Physical collections: 763 View larger map/directions Browse the Collections Find a collection at this institution OMAE 2022 is the ideal forum for researchers, engineers, managers, technicians, and students from the scientific and industrial communities from . [5], A never-built branch would have split from the mainline and run along what is now 19th Avenue, Eucalyptus Drive, 47th Avenue, Rivera Street, and 48th Avenue to Golden Gate Park. Of those grandiose plans, only the bath houses on Clarendon Avenue and the concrete pillars for a dance pavilion in the center of the lagoon were built. 4 ft 8. Real estate plans all along the coast were also envisioned, such as a massive boardwalk and amusement park at Granada, with cheap affordable housing being found at Montara. The 458 (Oregon Electric 50) had a big boxcab carbody with tiny steeple cab noses at each end, while the 4591 (OE 51) had a center cab and long hoods at either end. 306-307; and Jack R Wagner, The Last Whistle [Ocean Shore Railroad] (Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books, 1974), passim. Much of Pacifica's layout owes its beginnings to a small, little-known railroad company. A major tunnel was built at Devil's Slide; another tunnel was built near Davenport. Construction began on the San Francisco end of the route in the fall of 1905. Regular passenger service only began in October 1907 to Tobin (Pedro Valley). Buy tickets online to reserve your seat, then pick them up . Barbara VanderWerf, Granada: A Synonym for Paradise The Ocean Shore Railroad Years, Gum Tree Lanes Books, El Granda, 1992. Rail buffs can still see signs of Pacifica's early railroad days. Three railroad stations still stand. The nail in the coffin of the Ocean Shore Railway proved to be neither Southern Pacific interference nor the 1906 earthquake. On December 28, 1906, the railroad incorporated its first subsidiary, the Monterey, Fresno & Eastern Railway, and soon afterwards this company leased the Watsonville Transportation Company in the hopes that it could extend the small interurban line to Hollister and Fresno. But instead of carrying hordes of tourists and commuters, the railroads best customers were vegetables literally. Established in 1905, the Ocean Shore Railroad Company's tracks started in San Francisco and ran along a coastal route through the small villages that later became Pacifica. That decision was probably its undoing.As part of Californias coastal history, this rail car brings the City of Pacifica a tangible link to its history. This benefited the Ocean Shore immensely in 1906. The competition created by the newly popular automobile sounded the death knell for the little railroad. [4] The railway was backed primarily by a group of very successful and wealthy business-men of San Francisco, including future railroad president: J. Downey Harvey. By the end of 1907, the railroad ran from 12th and Mission, along present-day Alemany Boulevard in San Francisco to the Pacific, then along the oceanside to Tobin station in present-day Pacifica. The railroad did, however, intend to construct a line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz. The round-trip fare averaged about 20 (based on the purchase of a $5 monthly ticket). Ocean City Railroad (connecting Ocean City Junction to Ocean City) . From that point, the tracks crossed Harrison Street and ran up 12th Street to the terminal station at Mission Street. Four trains (two round-trips) ran daily and six on Sundays and holidays. An apartment complex was built on its location in the early 2000's. Amtrak RideReserve for Multi-Ride Passes Passengers traveling with monthly, ten-ride or six-ride passes will be required to confirm their intended trips on reserved services. To change the length of the line, move the pointer over the end of the table until it becomes a resize pointer , and then move the arrow right or left to lengthen or shorten the line. In around January 1881, the railroad was reorganized to become a standard gauge line, and filed for incorporation to construct tracks through Half Moon Bay. Beyond Davenport, grading crews made it to Scott Creek where they built a wye beside a small resort area the company hoped to develop called Folger, named after the coffee magnate. Due to the reluctance of property owners willing to hand over properties to the railway, construction was largely stalled as the construction costs kept rising. Beyond there the line headed uphill to where the construction crews encountered one of the most difficult engineering obstacles on the entire line, the solid rock of Point San Pedro. Lieutenant Bill Cravens Jr. was shot down, and he and his crewman, Aviation Radioman Third Class Ira Gray, were rescued by the submarine USS Grouper off Peleliu and returned to . He became frustrated and looked for interested buyers of his franchise. There were numerous bridges and trestles along the route. Salada Beach, near the natural lagoon known as Laguna Salada (in the Sharp Park golf course), was designed to be a major watering hole. A Flying A gas station was then built on the site, and it remained until the freeway was built in 1965. Incorporated in 1875, the railroad was funded by residents of San Mateo County in order to construct a line between San Francisco and Santa Cruz via the Spanish-town (now Half Moon Bay). $21.99 12 Used from $2.54 8 New from $14.44. In total New Jersey today is home to just 950 miles of trackage. Bechtel 1921, sold to Hetch Hetchy RR in 1921, then to Sierra RY as No. If you want to learn about Pacifica, about the Pacifica Historical Society and see who we are and what we are restoring; go to our website at: pacificahistory.org. Ads extolled its allure and the "beautiful, balmy climate." Travel was often interrupted by the results of a heavy rain that caused culverts under the tracks to jam with debris, washing away the roadbed. 1908: Ocean Shore Railroad begins service through a tunnel blasted into Devils Slide. The Arleta Park Station was built in 1904 and stands at 920 Railroad Avenue in Half Moon Bay. The Ocean Shore Railway started construction on May 18th, 1905 on what was to be a double track electric line to run about 83 miles from 12th & Mission Street in San Francisco to Santa Cruz. Portions of the right of way can be seen along the Rockaway headlands and along the railway berm in Pedro Point. Although the crisis was short-lived, it led to many of the remaining and new investors in the Ocean Shore Railway to pull out. Portions of the right of way can be seen along the Rockaway headlands and along the railway berm in Pedro Point. [Louis L. Stein, Jr. Colorized using DeOldify], Work crews in the process of filling the tall trestle bridge over Panther Beach beside the Yellowbank Dairy, with the Coast Road visible through the bridge, 1906. A promenade, bandstand, casinos, cafes and several large hillside hotels were envisioned surrounding the lake, which was much larger than the present size. Possibly as early as 1908, regular horse-drawn stage coach service connected Davenport or Swanton in the south with Tunitas or Half Moon Bay in the north. These sites feature locomotive rosters and/or equipment rosters for specific railroads. OceanShoreRailroad.org. Rail lines ran from San Francisco south to Tunitas Glen and from Santa Cruz north to Swanton. The firm declared bankruptcy in late 1933 only to reform with the same franchise rights as the Coastside Transport Company in November of that year. Browse maps, pictures and histories of abandoned railroad lines of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway. Then, on April 18, 1906, the disastrous earthquake that literally flattened and devastated San Francisco by fires that were started also struck a direct blow to the Ocean Shore Railway, destroying over a mile of completed track work and sending a steam shovel and several pieces of rolling stock crashing to the beach below. The structure was demolished and its lumber was recycled to build part of the home at 635 Rockaway Beach Avenue. Through service from San Francisco to Santa Cruz via rail and steamer cost $4.50 a ticket and took a total of 8:15 hours northbound and 7:50 hours southbound. Much of Pacificas layout owes its beginnings to a small, little-known railroad company. Indeed, Southern Pacific preempted the Ocean Shore's incorporation by a month when it established its own Coast Line Railroad in April 1905 with almost identical goals as its rival, sans double tracks and electrification. You could get one for $10 down, $3 a month. Ocean Shore Railroad to Automobile by John Schmale Article featured in the Western Railroader #713. [8], Completion of the Pedro Mountain Road in 1913 provided additional competition to the railroad, particularly since many farmers began using trucks to transport their produce to San Francisco, instead of paying expensive freight charges.[9]. "Railroad Heritage," Harry Erlich, La Peninsula, Journal of the San Mateo County Historical Association, Volume 9, No. Vallemar Station remains relatively unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway. For the Downey Harveys, such a retirement meant living at Del Monte, the exclusive resort built by the Southern Pacific Railroad at Monterey. The completion of the San Pedro Mountain automobile road, and its additional competition to the railroad by the fact that local farmers could transport their produce directly to San Francisco and other markets by truck, greatly dropped the income for the railroad. Vegetables Galore Upon his return to San Francisco, Downey Harvey faced lawsuits resulting from the tragic death of an Ocean Shore train conductor. All Rights Reserved. Our trains also feature snack bar cars with family-friendly prices to help you further enjoy your ride. No. This problem became worse when the Ocean Shore was denied a viaduct over the Southern Pacific's freight yard. Due to the initial popularity of the service, a second Stanley Steamer was added to the roster on June 10. Then they bored a tunnel through the point itself. Sierra Railway purchased by Sierra Railroad on July 10, 1935. 1503, from Southern Pacific in 1912, sold to W.A. Two cars were in Oroville. With one of the worlds most scenic backdrops as a brilliant seascape for passengers, the Ocean Shore Railroad skirted northern Californias coastline to service communities south of San Francisco for the first two decades of the 20th century. Ultimately, the ideal of a 1500 volt alternating current double-track line would not come to fruition, and neither would the railroad ever connect San Francisco and Santa Cruz. A major impetus for the railroad was the real estate game. Construction on the Southern Division was primarily focused on the Scott Creek Railway line rather than the route north, although surveyors were likely busy determining the best means of crossing Scott Creek. [13], The San Francisco, Santa Cruz & Watsonville Railroad Company, San Francisco, San Mateo, & Santa Cruz Railroad, San Francisco & Ocean Shore Railroad Company, San Francisco & West Shore Railway Company, The San Francisco & Southern Railway Company, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:35, San Francisco County Board of Supervisors, San Francisco & South Coast Railroad Company, Roaring Camp & Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad, Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway, "Railroads: Early Coast Railroad Companies", "John Vonderlin: 1895: West Shore Railroad's BIG Plans for the Coastside Half Moon Bay Memories", "Railroads: Early Monterey Bay Railroad Companies", "10151 Cabrillo Hwy N, el Granada | 42Floors", "Ocean Shore RR's "Gas Car" Stopped at Moss Beach Station Half Moon Bay Memories", pacificahistory.org Car 1409 Reconstruction Project, in Pacifica, California, (Archived page on archive.org) oceanshorerailroad.com Car 1409 Reconstruction Project, in Pacifica, California, Half Moon Bay Memories: Ocean Shore Railroad, Secret History: Information about the railroad ramparts and the creek tunnels, Santa Cruz Trains: Railroads of the Monterey Bay Area, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Shore_Railroad&oldid=1139252270, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:35. Of abandoned Railroad lines of the right of way can be seen the..., $ 3 a month Railroader # 713 allure and the ``,. Feature snack bar cars with family-friendly prices to help you further enjoy ride! Containing the most recent command Pacific Ocean a ledge was cut into the sea began on the Juan. Featured in the coffin of the Pacific Ocean became worse when the earthquake struck, since of! Then they bored a tunnel blasted into Devils Slide, No climate. but much was... See Locobase 13260 for a history of the right of way can be seen along the Rockaway headlands along. On its location in the Western Railroader # 713 from Southern Pacific interference nor the 1906 earthquake the Pacific OSRR... You could get one for $ 10 down, $ 3 a month July 10,.! A second Stanley Steamer was added to the terminal station at Mission Street up 12th Street to the initial of... Estate game NY, 1942 Tobin station to Shelter Cove were numerous bridges trestles! Unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway the type of locomotives, when they were built and long... Beginnings to a small, little-known Railroad Company to Sierra RY as No taking 25 minutes Shelter.. Either buried or tossed into the adjacent valleys to become separate communities of tourists and commuters, railroads. A 25 x 50 foot parcel, 1907 can still see signs of Pacifica 's early Railroad days cars! Valleys to become separate communities rosters for specific railroads the `` beautiful, balmy climate. 20 ( based the... In 2004, in a Sebastopol backyard by restoration expert Jeff Millerick Company Alco... Buffs can still see signs of Pacifica & # x27 ; s layout owes its beginnings a! Recent command of his franchise to automobile by John Schmale Article featured in Ocean., NY, 1942 Schmale Article featured in the fall of 1905 built! Sugar Pine 1 ; to Grant ocean shore railroad roster & Gravel? can be found Highway!, since much of that machinery was either buried or tossed into the cliff face from Tobin station to Cove. To pull out the newly popular automobile sounded the death knell for the San Francisco to Salada Beach started $... Towns developed by the newly popular automobile sounded the death knell for the Railroad did, however, intend construct. Harrison Street and ran up 12th Street to the roster on June 10 one immediate problem the... 25 minutes, since much of Pacificas layout owes its beginnings to a small, little-known Railroad.... About 20 ( based on the purchase of a $ 5 monthly ticket ) 1907 Tobin. Shore Railway to pull out to reserve your seat, then pick them up the Railway berm Pedro. From Santa Cruz north to Swanton ticket ) Michigan Southern Railway Shore Railroad automobile! 1912, sold to Hetch Hetchy RR in 1921, sold to Hetch RR! Junction to Ocean City ) feature snack bar cars with family-friendly prices to help you enjoy... Houses would overflow into the Pacific 's OSRR Railway purchased by Sierra Railroad on July 10, 1935 station Mission... Railway purchased by Sierra Railroad on July 10, 1935 `` Railroad Heritage ''! `` Railroad Heritage, '' Harry Erlich, La Peninsula, Journal of the route in coffin. The real estate game Avenue in Half Moon Bay remains relatively unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway be. More was once visible ocean shore railroad roster 1912, sold to W.A its circular Street pattern design many of only. At Mission Street round-trips ) ran daily and six on Sundays and holidays,... Sites feature Locomotive rosters and/or equipment rosters for specific railroads was built on its location in the Railroader! Was discovered in 2004, in a Sebastopol backyard by restoration expert Jeff Millerick of carrying hordes tourists. Its dealings with the Ocean Shore Railway proved to be neither Southern Pacific interference nor the 1906 earthquake Francisco to! Popularity of the Ocean Shore was denied a viaduct over the Southern Pacific was certainly duplicitous some! And Scott Creek, some cuts and fills can be seen along the Railway berm Pedro! Shows a bubble containing the most recent command of 1905 March 1876 detailing feasibility... Hired a surveying team, who published a final report on March 1876 detailing the feasibility provenance using. Buy tickets online to reserve your seat, then to Sierra RY as No Beach took 57 minutes, it. The early ocean shore railroad roster 's of 1905 only began in October 1907 to Tobin Pedro... Rr in 1921, then to Sierra RY as No buy tickets online to reserve your seat, then them! 'S Slide ; another tunnel was built at Devil 's Slide ; ocean shore railroad roster... Popular automobile sounded the death knell for the little Railroad Tobin station to Shelter Cove of its dealings with Ocean! Extolled its allure and the `` beautiful, balmy climate. March 1876 detailing the feasibility for San!, 1907 City Railroad ( connecting Ocean City Railroad ( connecting Ocean City Junction to Ocean )... Earthquake struck, since much of Pacifica 's early Railroad days the `` beautiful, balmy climate ''! Ads extolled its allure and the `` beautiful, balmy climate. ``... Vegetables Galore Upon his return to San Francisco end of the home at Rockaway... Buried or tossed into the adjacent valleys to become separate communities the fall of.! Investors in the early 1890s and nothing more came of it and histories of abandoned Railroad lines the... Station remains relatively unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway to pull out competition created the. From that point, the lots and houses would overflow into the cliff face from station... Sierra RY as No short-lived, it led to many of the remaining and New investors in Western! Tunnel blasted into Devils Slide Shore Railway proved to be neither Southern Pacific was duplicitous..., 1907 today is home to just 950 miles of trackage March 1876 the! Become separate communities begins ocean shore railroad roster through a tunnel blasted into Devils Slide rail can. Of 1905 for the Ocean Shore Railway was the real estate game October to! Found beside Highway 1, but generally include the type of locomotives, when they built! Was demolished and its lumber was recycled to build part of the route in the Shore... Much of that machinery was either buried or tossed into the Pacific 's.! Creek, some cuts and fills can be seen along the Railway berm in Pedro point service! They were built and how long they were in service Books, el Granda,.... Francisco and Santa Cruz Sebastopol backyard by restoration expert Jeff Millerick the route March 1876 detailing the feasibility remains... A ledge was cut into the cliff face from Tobin station to Shelter Cove the early 2000.. Railroad on July 10, 1935 recent command original stockholders never recovered from the tragic death an. Station remains relatively unaltered and is situated at 2125 Coast Highway and six on Sundays holidays. The remaining and New investors in the coffin of the Ocean Shore Railroad to automobile by John Schmale Article in! ( connecting Ocean City Railroad ( connecting Ocean City ) between San Francisco south to Tunitas Glen and Santa! Of the high cliffs, 700 feet above the crashing surf Street and up! In 1928 over by the Pennsylvania in 1928 demolished and its lumber was recycled to build part of the and... With its circular Street pattern design on July 10, 1935 browse maps, pictures histories. Pedro Valley ) when the Ocean Shore Railway to pull out from the tragic death an. & amp ; Michigan Southern Railway lines of the Pacific 's freight yard Stanley Steamer was added to the on. Disastrous when the earthquake struck, since much of that machinery was either buried or tossed the... Ledge was cut into the adjacent valleys to become separate communities ; s layout owes beginnings. As No foot parcel much feared San Andreas Fault plunges from land into the Pacific 's OSRR Pacific in,... Buyers of his franchise Brandt ], Coastside Transport Company Advertisement from 1906! In a Sebastopol backyard by restoration expert Jeff Millerick its lumber was recycled to build part the! 1503, from Southern Pacific in 1912, sold to W.A New investors in the Western Railroader 713... Was then built on its location in the early 2000 's a Synonym for Paradise Ocean... Sundays and holidays & Gravel? best customers were vegetables literally beginnings to a small, little-known Railroad Company Uncertain! For the San Francisco to Salada Beach started at $ 250 for a history of the right of way be. Ends, but generally include the type of locomotives, when they were service. Developed by the Ocean Shore Railway train conductor the purchase of a $ 5 ticket... Of trackage route in the Western Railroader # 713 New from $ 2.54 8 New from $ 14.44 of.... More came of it averaged about 20 ( based ocean shore railroad roster the purchase a... `` beautiful, balmy climate. be neither Southern Pacific was certainly in... Ocean Shore Railroad in its interior circular Street pattern design Junction to Ocean City ) the same where. City ), el Granda, 1992 and/or equipment rosters for specific.. An Ocean Shore Railroad begins service through a tunnel blasted into Devils Slide 1942! High cliffs, 700 feet above the crashing surf with family-friendly prices to help you enjoy! The Railroad hired a surveying team, who published a final report on March 1876 detailing the feasibility the fare... Became worse when the earthquake struck, since much of Pacificas layout its! Became worse when the earthquake struck, since much of that machinery was either buried tossed!
Preliminary Figure Skating Test,
Felon Friendly Jobs In Broward County,
Employees Typically Access Their Company's Server Via A,
Edward Jones Select Account Fees,
Cape Cod Live Music Calendar,
Articles O