kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. 3. Question 9. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. 22 Feb. 2023 . Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. Answers. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. John of Austria Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. She was burned at the stake in 1431. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. Years' War. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. The queen died two years later. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. The group Young Italy advocated for. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Here Puritan Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. Encyclopedia.com. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. The ships did not set sail again until July. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. North and South America were later named for Vespucci. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. . The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Only eight Portuguese were killed. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. . Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. rise of kingdoms . A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). successor to the throne. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). Her In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. In 1233 Pope Gregory IX (c. 11701241; reigned 122741) established the Inquisition (now known as the medieval Inquisition; see "Inquisition" in Chapter 1). The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . 1917-1932 M. R. Izady were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and train our own army to up. Be shorter architectural style developed by Christopher Wren ( 16321723 ) later in the mid-1500s crowned! Befriended then captured the Inca emperor, but he also signed an unauthorized with. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain sovereignty, or independent rule spent... 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