Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Struggling with distance learning? Max Vandenburg is Liesels friend who was known as the Jewish fist-fighter. (including. The perspective continues to widen in this section as Hanss backstory is explored and we learn more about why Hans is so willing to take risks to help Jews. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. I wonder what would happen to Liesel if her adopted parents, Rosa and Hans, did get sent to a concentration camp? Trudy is built like Rosa, and is mostly quiet. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% for a customized plan. Hans Hubermann's life was spared in France during World War I, and Erik Vandenburg's life was taken. Aww, Rosa. Max survives the camp, however, and reunites with Liesel shortly after the war's end. Rosa is the queen of tough love. They start learning that same night. When Walter tells Max hes found Hans, Max asks if Hans was angry. A siren had just finished wailing. Like many others of his generation, he fought, and ultimately died, for his country. It will put him and his family in grave danger, and be an inconvenience to their daily lives. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Rudy is quite the physical embodiment of the perfect Aryan specimen with his blond hair, blue eyes, and athletic and intellectual talents. She makes money by doing laundry for rich neighbors. Death is "haunted" by humans and unable to reconcile humanity's capacity for evil with humanity's capacity for good. She carries her book with her, looking for, blue. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Rosa yells at Liesel (and, Mama and Papa, but still curses whenever she speaks. Max arrives feeling a great deal of guilt for putting the Hubermanns in this position, and its clear he wants to minimize his intrusion into their lives as much as possible. They compare nightmares, and Liesel decides she is old enough to cope with hers without Hans staying with her anymore. Liesel provides Max with something as well: She begins bringing him newspapers and essentially becomes his connection to the outside world. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. After a month, the wall was recoated. She is a complicated character, a paradox. Ill leave you with a point to consider. Rudy is motivated throughout the novel by his love for Liesel; at one point he retrieves Liesel's book from the icy cold river and asks her for a kiss. Because he loves Hitler. She was also rude to Liesel, but she turns out to be extremely vulnerable after the Death of her son. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Rudy is always trying to impress Liesel, but he never has any luck. One night there is an air raid, and Rosa, Hans, and Liesel leave for a bomb shelter down the road. Discount, Discount Code Teachers and parents! Debate whether Liesel is a substitute for Hans's children, who have strayed from the family. She is loving in a sense that she tries to take care of Liesel, but has a very strict way of doing so, as Liesel found out when she sent a letter to her mom. However, he has surprising sensitivity and compassion as shown by his love for Liesel and being always there for her. They were both confused on why Hans suddenly was drafted and so quickly. When we first meet her, we don't necessarily trust her with Liesel. Earlier on during the first world war, Maxs father saved Hanss life, and later Hans tries to save Maxs life, which put the Hubermanns lives in great danger. As she begins watching over Max at night and seeing him struggle with nightmares, she sees another connection between them. Analysis In this chapter, the dynamic between Hans and Rosa Hubermann is explored. Ludwig is injured at the book burning, and Liesel helps him get away from the crowd, then apologizes for attacking him. When we first meet her, we don't necessarily trust her with Liesel. A week later, Rudy brings Liesel to the mayor's home and points out a book that has seemingly been placed intentionally on a closed window. For a week, she is forbidden from entering the basement. Back in the present, Max, who is Eriks son and now 24, is let in to the Hubermanns house. Three weeks later two men in long coats come down Himmel Street, and, Death describes Germany's inevitable punishment of, night Liesel wakes up and sees Rosa sitting at the foot of the bed with, 1942 comes to an end, and Liesel spends most of her time thinking of, of her action. She also beats up Tommy Mller, too, because she sees him standing there and smiling. after Liesel's 10th b-day what is she enrolled in? I think that Liesel will be alright because she is in the girls Hitler youth. In the end, Rosa stops the abuse though not the (endearingly) foul language that she, Hans, Liesel, and Rudy all use. He frequently fought a boy named Walter Kugler, and over the years they became close friends. Rosa Hubermann is Liesel's foster mother, her Mama. She is a bit abrasive and insulting, both to Liesel and Hans. Death expresses tiredness and remorse as the novel progresses. Ilsa's son who froze to death in 1918, presumably while fighting in World War I. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Hans is Liesels foster father, papa and husband of Rosa Hubermann. As a result, Liesel had to go to a foster family-- Hans and Rosa Hubermann. Viktor Chemmel is the second leader of the gang that steals fruit. At the time it seems nobody thought anything of his being Jewish and he was treated as anyone else would be. Thanks for the positive feedback. The story flashes back to World War I, when Hans was a 22-year-old soldier fighting in France. Rosa Hubermann is Liesels foster mother. He is always motivated to help others, always kind and gentle with people. The story begins with a death. Previous Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Why does Death love colours so much? Liesel Meminger Character Analysis. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. $24.99 Rosa is a very vulgar woman who tends to lash out at others with her incredibly bad language. Who do you think the most overall popular character is? OOHHH!! The introduction of two main characters. I loved how Zusak made him into a character with feelings. He has good strong moral and ethical principles and he doesnt like deviating from them. In the book, he almost chokes Rudy and steals Liesels book, throwing it in the Amper River. Things look bleak for Liesel's beginnings. After a while. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights, The Book Thief: Rosa Hubermann is Liesel's foster mother. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Ironically, the book that condemned most of Germanys Jews served as Maxs salvation. But she's also probably super-stressed and scared out of her wits. One night, Hans takes her downstairs so they can resume their reading lessons. Rosa is my favorite, but I also like Rudy. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. As Liesel comes to realize, by giving her daughter away, Paula saves her from persecution. Character List and Analysis Liesel expects Rosa to be angry but she looks worried. That actually makes me wonder why Rosa and Hans are married? He returns home and later commits suicide, unable to live with the guilt of having lived while his brother died. He was placed on the waiting list, and because he was a good housepainter and accordionist, he was generally left alone and not forced to confront his conscience, until a man stopped him in the street and asked if he would keep his promise to help the Vandenburg family. GradeSaver, 30 November 2009 Web. Ive actually got a question to ask you. He always put others first sometimes to his own detriment. the event, and Death introduces them. She was angry and so she fought Ludwig Schmeikl and pummeled him in a fight. This is the Hubermanns secret roommate. A 23-year-old Jew who hides from the Nazis in the Hubermanns' basement. Arthur gives the two a bag of chestnuts before leaving town. Liesel is haunted by the memory of Werner and consistently experiences nightmares about his death for months after arriving in Molching. In my opinion, Rosa has no real morals. He befriended a German Jew named Erik Vandenburg who played the accordion. One day Walter offered to find, once intended for Werner. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Can you give me the title of the chapter this is in? At one point, Franz viciously beats Rudy up in the street for throwing a rock at his head. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. You'll also receive an email with the link. Eventually, Rosa enlisted Liesel's assistance for this task, and Liesel got very good at at. chest. When Liesel disobeys or upsets Rosa, Rosa is quick to give her a Watschen, a beating. Max apologizes that he doesn't have a present for her. One of Frau Holtzapfel's sons, Michael served in the German Army in the Battle of Stalingrad, where his hand was severely wounded. As long as this answer wont affect our reading of the book, please let me know. In the fall of 1939, World War II begins with the German invasion of Poland. for a group? The Hubermanns neighbor is Frau. An ornery old man with a habit of whistling. Eriks widow told him he could keep the accordion. She is also strict, but loving, to her adopted daughter, Liesel Meminger. An intelligent woman with her own library, Ilsa has spent decades mourning the death of her son Johann, who froze to death in 1918, the final year of World War I. Ilsa takes a liking to Liesel: she witnesses Liesel stealing a book from the book burning and invites Liesel into her home library to read. Sometimes Death is compelled to take action in sympathy with the human story. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. What does Liesel realize after she stole the book. The war was hard on people and some show their love in the best way they know how. We're nervous. She is very calm, kind and good-hearted woman. She shares her food, her love, and everything she has. Accessed 1 March 2023. Rosa Hubermann is without a doubt, one of the most interesting characters in the Book Thief, by Markus Zusak. She often releases her anger on Hans or Liesel, normally for no real purpose. Ludwig taunts Liesel for not being able to read, and Liesel beats him up. He is cruel to the others, a bully, and is nothing like his predecessor, Arthur Berg. Rosa does the washing for other families, she sends Liesel because it's harder to fire a young child than a grown woman. Hans survives this assignment, but ultimately dies in the air raid that hits Molching at the end of the novel. Please wait while we process your payment. Later, as Hitler rose to power and began persecuting Jews, Hans remembered his Jewish friend, and how hed saved Hanss life. "Dilbert" is effectively dead, Peterson said. While Hans wrote the letters, the rest of the men in his platoon went into battle. (LogOut/ The way the content is organized. He tells her about his new daydream, and say he is training to fight Hitler. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Rosa is Liesel's foster mother. Lastly, Rosa has no respect for the rich people who she works for because her clients are always so picky. When Max arrives at the Hubermanns, Rosa feeds him soup and puts him to bed in Liesels room. What does Rosa Hubermann do to bring in money and why does she ask Liesel to help her with the pickup? Liesel explains to Rosa why Frau Hermann fired her. When you get married, you commit to having sexual encounters with one partner. Death is the collector of souls, and when it comes it is arrayed in any or all the worlds colors. Ilsa and her husband take Liesel into their home after Hans and Rosa are killed. This is because he had to collect so many souls as the war increased. One way was continuing to play Eriks accordion, and another was helping the Jews around him who needed help as they started to be persecuted under the Nazis. Liesel turns twelve, and Hans and Rosa give her a book, but Max has no present for her. That night Liesel lies awake and imagines her mother, Werner, Max, and, The scene returns to the LSE. Max is wracked with anguish and guilt over leaving his family to save himself, but he comes to befriend Liesel as the two share their respective nightmares. Now even more confused, he was being deployed into the German army . SparkNotes PLUS Juliet, Ugo "The Book Thief Character List " Book Analysis, https://bookanalysis.com/markus-zusak/the-book-thief/characters/. The Book Thief essays are academic essays for citation. The book's title seems ironic considering the narrator and opening scene. She makes money by doing laundry for rich neighbors. In the book, Rosa Hubermann swears a lot to Liesel and Hans. She begins stealing newspapers from trash bins to bring to Max, searching for ones with the crossword still blank. Rosa could also be miserable because Hitler has risen into power, and Rosa might not think that he has anything to contribute to society. Rosa Hubermann. One day Liesel come downstairs and Max is doing push-ups. Erik saves Hans' life by volunteering him for a writing assignment on the day he and everyone else in his regiment are killed in battle. . The group mainly steals food from farms, and Arthur is very kind to the others, divvying up their gains fairly and sharing with everyone the food brought to him by Rudy and Liesel. Erik taught Hans to play. Initially, she was mean and uncharitable, as she had an ongoing feud with Rosa Hubermann. Over the course of the novel, she befriends Max, the Jew who arrives to hide from the Nazis in the Hubermanns' basement, and falls in love with Rudy Steiner, her best friend. Being drafted was seen as a punishment during the Holocaust but Hans seen it as a way to make money. That the book is MKPF has no great meaning to her at this point. I think that Rosa and Liesel seem to be the most popular characters, as they are used by many of the Idea Hive students. He told Eriks widow that if she ever needed anything, she should look him up. Jewish man who keeps collapsing from exhaustion, but the soldiers make him continue. One of Liesel's teachers, a nun who delivers corporal punishment to insolent students. Both are troubled by their pasts in their sleep, and this shared experience creates a bond between them. However, when Max, we now see the soft and loving side of her. The Question and Answer section for The Book Thief is a great That night when Liesel reads with, warm. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Death's duty is to carry away the souls of the recently departed, which it has apparently done for millenia. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Readers know that Liesel insults Frau Hermann after learning of the firing, however. Hans Hubermann is tall and Rosa Hubermann is short and round with an angry face. Unlike her husband, Rosa first comes across as cold and impatient. Your writing has become quite visual and entertaining to read. Read more about Max's feelings about taking shelter at the Hubermanns'. Whoever the author.Discover new and exciting books to dive into with our Book Explorer Tool. Want 100 or more? The morbid, dramatic opening scene continues Liesel has a lot to deal with already. Almost unconsciously. Liesel's best friend. Tommy is generally helpless and relies on the support of his friend Rudy Steiner. She does the washing and ironing for many of Molching's wealthy inhabitants and has Liesel help her with the work, often insulting both Liesel and Hans for their uselessness around the house. Dont have an account? Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Rudy is Liesels best friend. The very pro-Nazi shopkeeper who refuses service to anyone who does not salute and say "Heil Hitler" upon entering her corner store. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Infidelity is quoted as the second cause of divorce in the united states. Hans' impulsive kindness ultimately gets him in trouble, and he is conscripted to serve in a dangerous air raid recovery unit. A metaphysical being, Death serves as the dryly cynical narrator of The Book Thief. The greatest mystery for him seems to be how they can keep on living in the face of despair. Hans Hubermann. She is loving in a sense that she tries to take care of Liesel, but has a very strict way . Rosa Hubermann is a woman with a fiery attitude, who is the foster mama of Liesel Meminger in the book "The Book Thief". Walter and Max began as fighting partners growing up, but soon became friends. Liesel's six-year-old brother who dies at the beginning of the book. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. She has two sons serving in the German Army in Russia, Michael and Robert. To Liesel, its perhaps the most valuable present shes ever received. Indoctrinated by Nazi propaganda, Hans Jr. is ashamed of his father's kindness towards the Jews and accuses him of being a coward for not supporting Hitler. Rosa and Hans make Liesel deliver food to Max in the basement. At one point, Liesel thinks to herself that in her mind, Werner will be six years old forever. The Hubermanns have two children, read or write. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." He serves in the German Army in Russia and stops returning home for holidays because of his animosity towards his father. Purchasing Liesel is immediately intrigued by Max simply because he has a book with him. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. the biggest initial impact on Liesel because of her cursing. Rosa, the book tells us, is good in a crisis, and the opportunity for action brings out her best qualities. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. gets farther along in The Grave Digger's Handbook and thinks she is learning well with, of 1939 Liesel is starting to feel at home on Himmel Street, and she loves, a Christmas break, and the Hubermann's children come home. He is dirty, hungry, and almost incoherent with grief and guilt, and while she is curious about him, shes also hesitant to approach him. After Liesels birthday, Max paints over the pages of MKPF and uses it to write his own story. More books than SparkNotes. Trevor, Death establishes himself as an omniscient narrator even apart from the scenes he has witnessed. Death insists that it definitely can be cheerful and even affable to the reader, but also relates that it most certainly cannot be nice. Death describes Rosa as a good woman for a crisis: she maintains order in the household through difficult times, but . He tells her to bring The Shoulder Shrug, and while downstairs Hans realizes just how cold it is for Max. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Because he still wants to join the Nazi Party. One of Frau Holtzapfel's sons. The Book Thief study guide contains a biography of Markus Zusak, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Rosa is a very vulgar woman who tends to lash out at others with her incredibly bad language. It was sometime in February, according to the story when Liesel turned ten. He has removed pages of MKPF, painted over the words with Hanss white house paint, and written his own illustrated story on the white pages. In Maxs first few days with the Hubermanns, Liesel is actually quite wary of the new resident. But she's also probably super-stressed and scared out of her wits. She is quite the character, and will likely teach you some language that your mom wont want to hear. Historical Fuhrer of Nazi Germany. Part 1: The Kiss (A Childhood Decision Maker), Part 5: Three Acts of Stupidity by Rudy Steiner, Part 9: One Toolbox, One Bleeder, One Bear, Part 10: Ilsa Hermann's Little Black Book. Hans' wife and Liesel's foster mother. Thank-you for writing such an entertaining post. His gentle nature when he takes a soul brings is comforting. bookmarked pages associated with this title. The fifteen-year-old leader of a small group of thieves. Chazelle, Damien ed. Rosa has difficulty expressing affection, so she chooses to do so by calling those she loves names like Saukerl and Saumensch, terms that Liesel later associates with love. and any corresponding bookmarks? She also beats up Tommy Mller, too, because she sees him standing there and smiling. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Hans Hubermann appears in. She is later relieved by many families due to wartime economical issues. She is very calm, kind and good-hearted woman. Erik taught Hans to play the accordion, and Hans' accordion was originally Erik's. As he grows stronger, he reveals his intense hatred towards Hitler, and this became his motivation to stay alive no matter the odds. Liesel's Emotional Journey Through the Book Thief, The Toil of Good and Evil: Multi-Faceted Kindness in The Book Thief, Stealing the Narrative: The Irony of Reading in The Book Thief, View Wikipedia Entries for The Book Thief. Liesel doesn't expect any presents, but. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! At the end of the section, Max gives Liesel what is probably the greatest gift he could give her: a book. Her language rivals that of Pfifikus, with one of the biggest trucker mouths in history. Liesel Meminger got into a fight at school. An amateur accordion player, Hans is a tall, gentle man with a remarkable amount of integrity and bravery -- Hans' compassion sets a strong example for Liesel, who is soothed by his presence. waits on the steps of a church watching the book-burning die down to ash, until. They arrive at Himmel Street and the Hubermanns appear. The mayor's wife. One morning Erik volunteered Hans for the task of writing letters for the captain. Max remains alone in the Hubermanns' basement, which has been . A tattoo "What does it say?" Hans Hubermann The Jew stood before him, expecting another handful of derision, but he watched with everyone else as Hans Hubermann held his hand out and presented a piece of bread, like magic. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. At the end of The Book Thief, he is filled with remorse for having survived the war while his family died. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Rosa is Liesel's foster mother. 1. The Hitler Youth leader described as a sadist by Rudy. During the first World War, the situation was very different for German Jews, and they fought alongside their non-Jewish countrymen. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Free trial is available to new customers only. Later, on a truck, he demands that Hans switch seats with him; when the truck crashes, Reinhold is dead. He leaves Liesel a present hidden somewhere, and the family silently watches him walk away. Max's best friend. At first in The Book Thief, she seemed to be a mean and abusive woman. An old lady yells "The Jews" from an upper window. During the first year of Liesel's stay, Rosa and her foster daughter have some misunderstandings. The story reveals through her treatment of Liesel and willingness to take in Max, however, that beneath her tough exterior she is in fact kind and caring. July 6, 2022. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Hans and Rosa's only son. It is summer in 1942 and Molching prepares itself for an inevitable bombing. Read more about the responsibility of the living to the dead. With brown eyes and blonde hair, Liesel is an adopted girl on the edge of adolescence who became emboldened by the books she was reading. Much later she has got a strong personal moral code and is not afraid to enforce it even at the danger to herself. Change). Then he comes for the Hubermanns, and, because none of the buildings are there. Ilsa gives Liesel a blank book and encourages her to write, and not to live the rest of her life in despair. Spoiler - Rosa dies in 1943 when Himmel Street was bombed leaving only one survivor, Liesel. I guess that youre right there Mrs. D. I guess that I just meant to say that her morals arent the best. Liesel experiences great suffering in the novel . Part 4: The Accordionist (The Secret Life of Hans Hubermann), Time progressed and the Nazi party grew popular, but, Part 4: A Short History of the Jewish Fist Fighter, away, and he despaired but still clung to life. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The narrator of The Book Thief, Death is at first sarcastic, with a darkly wry sense of humor. Liesel already feels comfortable enough around, Liesel start having nightmares every night about her dead brother. -Graham S. Molching is a fictional town. Is Rosa Hubermann abusive? These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Book Thief by Markus Zusak. And let's face itRosa is down-right abusive with her wooden spoons and her constant scolding and criticism. Unlike Arthur, Viktor is wealthy and steals for excitement. Contact us Instead, Hans seems to have carried that sense of debt with him and tried to repay it in other ways. Another soldier, Michael Holtzapfel, tells Rosa that he heard that Hans Jr. is still alive, but no other indication is given about Hans Junior's ultimate fate. In the storys present, however, Jews are considered practically subhuman by many Germans, and the son of a man who gave his life in service of his country now finds himself regarded as a public enemy. Max leaves the house after Hans gives an old Jew being marched to a concentration camp a piece of bread in public. answer choices. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. The Book Thief: Hans and Rosa Hubermann. Ilsa is the mayors wife. And let's face itRosa is down-right abusive with her wooden spoons and her constant scolding and criticism. Death, however, tells us that Rosa, surprisingly, has a very big heart, and does, in fact, deeply love both Hans and Liesel..She also cares for Max when he is ill, and she holds Hans's accordion at night praying for Hans's, and everybody else's, safe return. Its also a subversive gesture as Max literally replaces Hitlers story with his own, symbolically suggesting that his life is as valuable and worth recording as Hitlers. Erik's death comes at Max is very young. Thanks for catching that. Liesel asks who wins the fight in Max's dream, and Max says that he does. Liesel's mother, who gives her up for adoption by the Hubermann's at the beginning of the novel. "Holtzapfel, get out here, you miserable old swine!". Liesel and Rudy knock him off his bicycle and rob him. Her foster parents the Hubermanns celebrated her birthday for her. Rosa and her husband, Hans Hubermann, had adopted Liesel and her brother Werner, who died on the way to Molching. from your Reading List will also remove any ultimate fates Himmel Street will be bombed, and Death will come for Rudy, Rosa, past leading up to the bombing the Hubermanns enjoy ninety-seven days of contentment after, Liesel silently goes to the train station to wait for, after that Liesel keeps writing. Frau Holtzapfel is emotionally ruined by the death of one of her sons, and after Michael commits suicide, she quietly awaits Death. Also unlike Arthur, Viktor is very domineering and cruel to the others; he savagely beats Rudy for his insolence. Markus Zusak wrote The Book Thief to show the hardship people encountered during World War II in a small town in Germany. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht (the night of broken glass). At a makeshift hospital, he sees his brother Robert die. 60 seconds. Max rips out the rest of Mein Kampf and starts painting it white with Liesel, and asks Max to teach her to do push-ups. Part 1: The Kiss (A Childhood Decision Maker), Part 1: The Heavyweight Champion of the School-Yard, Part 4: The Accordionist (The Secret Life of Hans Hubermann), Part 4: A Short History of the Jewish Fist Fighter, Part 5: Three Acts of Stupidity by Rudy Steiner, Part 9: One Toolbox, One Bleeder, One Bear, Part 10: Ilsa Hermann's Little Black Book.
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