Springer Nature. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. 2nd ed. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. BMC Public Health We've encountered a problem, please try again. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Nurse Educ Today. In Step 1, age was entered. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. American journal of public health. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Epidemiology: man and disease. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. PubMed Central The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . . This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. 8600 Rockville Pike The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. (DOCX 17 kb). Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. By using this website, you agree to our Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. A. Creswell JW. J Genet Couns. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Philosophy. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Bull World Health Organ. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Terms and Conditions, An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. 125"128. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, An official website of the United States government. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. EMJ. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. Google Scholar. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Disclaimer. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. Medical anthropology. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Genetic counseling of the deaf. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Soc Sci Med. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Principal Scientist & Act. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. This . Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. WHO. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. L. W. Feezer. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Google Scholar. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Careers. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. In the mid-19th . The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Qual Health Res. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. New York: Wiley; 1978. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Tap here to review the details. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Bookshelf Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Choosing among five traditions. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. TWIO. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. CAS Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Design and implementation of primary health-care services outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for 's... 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